Monday, September 30, 2019

Journalism in China: Then and Now Essay

In 1978, the People’s Republic of China had less than one television receiver per 100 people, and fewer than ten million Chinese had access to a television set. Today, almost all dwellings in China have a television, or a number of it. The Chinese Central Television controls television broadcasting in China, being the most powerful network in mainland. On the other hand, the number of newspapers in mainland China has increased from 42 – virtually all Communist Party papers- in 1968 to more than 2,200 today. There are in fact more than 7,000 magazines and journals in the country nowadays. The emergence of the country’s paramount leader, Deng Xiaoping, in 1976 brought about the economic and social reforms in mainland China, being reflected in media content. The media in are now becoming more autonomous and more diverse. A diversity is attributable to the fact that most state media outlets not longer receive subsidies from the government and are expected to largely pay for themselves through commercial advertising. They no longer serve solely as ‘government spokesperson’ but also produce programs that people get interested to so that money can be generated for them to continue to exist. Its media is now more dynamic, aggressive and prolific reporting on a wider variety of topics than ever before. Since the late 1970s, media in China have frequently criticized party cadres and have published debates on fundamentals issues as the rule of law, freedom of the press, and universal human rights. They have also reported on a number of previously undiscussed social and lifestyle subjects. Even though political reporting is still tightly controlled, Chinese journalists have become professional writers who cover aspects of society, economics and international affairs that would have been prohibited two decades ago. In 2003, the government initiated plans to formally allow private investment or to commercialize media. As a result, journalists were encouraged to report more aggressively on stories about crime, low-level corruption, celebrity gossip, and more. However, local officials still often tolerate this reporting, as long as it brings in revenue for the provincial or municipal government, and it does not touch too closely on their own leadership. Also, talk radio in mainland China allows a much freer exchange of public views or opinions than other media formats. In effect, talk radio has shifted the paradigm from authorities addressing the people to people addressing the authorities. The country’s rapid economic developments, as well as educational advances leading to greater literacy, have been important reasons for the dramatic expansion of the media and the diversification of coverage. As journalists report more aggressively on crime and corruption, they face new dangers. Censorship, detention, legal action, and arrest – the threats historically faced by journalists in China – have been long and well documented by the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) and other press freedom groups. Forty-two journalists are now in prison in China, most for revealing corruption among high-level government officials, advocating political reforms, or reporting on banned topics. In recent years, a number of high-profile cases have brought the issue of violence against journalists to public attention and have inspired Chinese journalists to speak up in defense of their basic right to freely report. Journalism is widely seen as a more promising career field that in the past. The rising popularity and profitability of metropolitan media offer the prospect that higher quality, better-paid jobs in journalism will expand in the years ahead.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Abortion Is a Form of Murder

Each year, two out of every one hundred women aged fifteen to forty-four have an abortion, 48 % of them have had at least one previous abortion and 61% percent have had a previous birth. This means that these women understand the joy of a baby being born, and still choose to take away their privilege to live. They’ve carried these children before and know the happiness of seeing their own healthy child in their arms for the first time. Why then, when they know they are creating a new life inside of them, do they choose to deprive their child the right to live and experience everything life has to offer? They willingly decide to kill that child and decide to have an abortion. Hence, abortion should be illegal because one is committing an inhumane act by killing an innocent child inside the mother’s womb. The reasons included are abortion is a form of murder, causes many psychological issues, other means of contraceptives are available, legal view against abortion, is very costly, and abortion can cause medical complications. â€Å"Abortion is a form of murder and demeans the value of human life. When a mother is carrying a child, she does not say â€Å"oh, the fetus kicked† or â€Å"oh, the mass of cells that hasn’t become a person kicked†, the mother says â€Å"the baby kicked† (Balanced Politics). After contraception the baby is considered alive and a human. According to â€Å"The Official Senate report on Senate Bill 158†, the â€Å"Human Life Bill†, says that conception marks the beginning of the human life of a human being- a being that is alive and a member of the human species. The life of the baby begins right away; one cannot take that away and kill the baby. Everything that determines the individuality and originality of a person is established at conception. The first single cell contains the entire genetic blueprint of the human being. Abortion ends the innocent life of a baby. From conception, the new human conceived deserves the full protection of the law just as any other person does. Abortion causes many psychological issues not only to the mother, but also to the family. Many women who have an abortion in their younger years end up living the rest of their lives in permanent guilt. Even if the mother is fine with aborting the child, the father may not be. The father might want to keep the baby, but he thinks he has no legal alternative if the mother chooses abortion. Why should he suffer for the decision the mother makes? Abortion causes damage to everyone. In a study of post-abortion patients only 8 weeks after their abortion, researchers found that 44% complained of nervous disorders, 36% had experienced sleep disturbances, 31% had regrets about their decision, and 11% had been prescribed psychotropic medicine by their family doctor. Since many post-aborted women use repression as a coping mechanism, there may be a long period of denial before a woman seeks psychiatric care (Major Psychological Sequelae of Abortion). These repressed feelings may cause illnesses and psychiatric or behavioral issues in other areas of the mother’s life. As a result, some counselors report that unacknowledged post-abortion distress is the main factor in many of their female patients, even though their patients have come to them seeking therapy for seemingly unrelated problems. Also, women may experience abortion as a traumatic event. Many are forced into unwanted abortions by husbands, boyfriends, parents, or others. If the woman has repeatedly been a victim of domineering abuse, such an unwanted abortion may be perceived as the ultimate violation in a life characterized by abuse. Other women, no matter how compelling the reasons they have for seeking an abortion, may still perceive the termination of their pregnancy as the violent killing of their own child. The fear, anxiety, pain, and guilt associated with abortion all cause damage to the motherand anyone who is associated with the baby being aborted (Major Psychological Sequelae of Abortion). Women have the right to treat their bodies however they want, but there are other means of birth control that are much more suitable; abortion should be a last resort option and even then only if it is absolutely necessary. If a woman does not want to become pregnant, she should avoid this with some sort of contraception or abstinence. There are many ways that a woman can prevent pregnancy, the most common of which being a birth control pill that generally must be taken once a day. If a woman accidentally becomes pregnant she can choose to put the child up for adoption, take the morning after pill, which is generally a stronger dose of a birth control pill, or use a copper intrauterine device, which must be inserted within five days of conception in order to work properly. If they find out too late to use either the morning after pill or to use a CID, they should make the right choice and put the child up for adoption. A big mistake that most people think is that the morning after pill is the same thing has having an abortion because you are killing the baby, but the pill kills the sperm before it conceives the egg and is not actually killing the baby. About 1. 5 million American families want to adopt children, and women have up to nine months to decide where and who they want to raise their child. It is a win-win situation for the mother because she does not have to kill her baby if she does not want the child; instead she is doing a good thing by giving up the child for adoption. Rape and incest victims should take the morning after pill to prevent a pregnancy if they do not want it to occur, or put the child up for adoption. It is understandable for the mother to not want to go through with the birth because she wants to forget about the incident, but it is a much better alternative to abortion and a much safer one. The only situation where abortion is understandable is when the mother is in danger of dying because of giving birth to the baby. This happens in ectopic pregnancies, where the fetus begins developing outside of the womb. In this situation the mother can resort to abortion, because her life is in danger. The baby has a zero change of living also (Balanced Politics). There are many legal arguments that support not having an abortion. A good example of a case is of Roe v. Wade, which allows abortion seven months into pregnancy. It violates the standard of legal reasoning. The Supreme Court made a decision on not to decide when life began. It overturned state laws that protected the unborn and has resulted in over 30 million abortions (roughly the population of Canada) in the United States. The Supreme Court clearly stated that it does not know when life begins and then violated the very spirit of this legal principle by acting as if it just proved that no life existed in the womb. A crucial role of government is to protect life. Government cannot remove a segment of the human population from its protection without adequate justification. For example,† A hunter who hears rustling in the bushes shouldn't fire until he knows what is in the bushes. Likewise, a Court which doesn't know when life begins should not declare open season on the unborn. † (Arguments Against Abortion). Abortion is extremely expensive and tax money should not support this horrible act. The First trimester procedures run about $500-1000. Second trimester procedures cost $600-10,000. People have the right to see where their tax money is going. Abortion is a medical procedure that must be performed by a doctor. The government contributes to many health care institutions such as Healthcare for the Homeless, Planned Parenthood, free clinics, etc. Planned Parenthood, through promoting abortion, has killed far more people than the Third Reich did. It is the most efficient mass-murder machine ever devised, and is funded by our federal tax dollars. It may not use our tax money to abort babies but our taxes buy and maintain the office, hire the personnel, and pay for the counseling that leads to the abortion. Everyone who pays taxes has the right to prevent their money from going to these institutions that commit murder by killing an innocent child (Abortion And Your Taxes). Abortion also causes various medical complications to the mother. Some complications include blocked fallopian tubes, weakened cervix, uterine scarring, and damage to the mother’s reproductive system, which may make her unable to conceive in the future. Women may also face the increase in the probability of tubal babies, hysterectomies, miscarriages, still births, and premature deaths. Abortion increases the chance of breast, uterine, and cervical cancer. â€Å"During a women’s pregnancy a surge of hormone, estrogen, causes the breast cells to divide, become more mature and secrete milk† (Anti-Abortion Arguments). During this process of cell division they are more susceptible to cancer causing agents. If the woman has an abortion, the natural process is interrupted and her breast cells will remain immature. Also, not all abortions are 100% hygienically clean, which may create a leeway for hundreds of types of infections for the mother. For example, if the mother cannot afford a proper abortion, and has an abortion in a dangerous location or environment it can be harmful because the proper tools are not being used and they might not be properly sanitized (Anti-Abortion Arguments). In conclusion, abortion should be illegal due to the specific reasons mentioned in the above paragraphs. Abortion is a very harmful process which could in the end harm not only the mother, but the father too. Killing a human is never what someone should decide on doing; instead they should consider giving the baby up for adoption. The mother carrying the child should realize that there are a lot of other options available for her and she does not have to kill a human if she does not want the baby. If a woman has been raped, she should take the morning after pill and it will help her have a less of a chance of being pregnant. In the end the guilt of killing a human will never leave the mother. Why live with that guilt feeling when one knows there are many other options out there instead of killing an innocent baby?

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Liberalism and Conservatism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Liberalism and Conservatism - Essay Example It calls for minimal change in the society. It is established that both ideologies oppose each other, while one calls for change and liberty, the other calls for traditionalism and minimum change. In essence liberalism states independence and growth. It covers the basic meaning of humanity and society. Though there have arisen different strands liberalism, the basic fundamentals of liberalism remain same. The liberal philosophy ignites individualism, egalitarianism, meliorism and universalism. Individualism asserts independence and self reliance while egalitarianism imparts political, social and civil equality among individuals. Meliorism and universalism both have common motives. That is to allow greater sociopolitical interaction. All these separate ideologies converge towards a few common postulates. These are equality and individual liberty, support of private property and individual rights, limited constitutional government and pluralism, toleration and autonomy. In history there have been various critiques on the liberal chain of thought. The most significant of which has been by the conservatives. They have argued that liberalism is in fact pursuit of progress and mate rial gain. This argument was further augmented by a Hungarian philosopher, Karl Polyani. Polyani attacked the liberal economic thought. He stated that human behavior is supported through social interactions not through greed and rational, which in fact drove the free markets (Hill). He also argued that the created free markets brought with it fictitious money. In his view the liberal economic system would ultimately bring with it artificial commodification of land, labour and capital. This would lead to the destruction of the society. The counter ideology is conservatism. It promotes the maintenance of traditional institutions and structure. The ideology allows minimal and gradual change in society. As with liberalism, there are many different strands of

Friday, September 27, 2019

Todays Intricacy and Complexities Research Paper

Todays Intricacy and Complexities - Research Paper Example The process is however complicated as it requires utilization of personal skills and individual values to facilitate the creation of an effective frame of reference essential in productive action. The essay below therefore seeks to use multiple step method developed by Keeley and Browne to examine the argument suggested by the director of operations in Cliffside Holdings Company of Massapequa. What Are The Issue And The Conclusion? In the case of Cliffside Holding Company of Massapequa, the focus is on establishment and funding leadership programs for junior executive staff in the company. The need to prepare junior financial executives for future development of the company was proposed during the senior executive staff meeting, which took place on August 1, 2012. It was suggested by the director of operation. The suggestion targeted 20 employees, who were to attend a three-week seminar per year offered by Aspen Leadership Institute of Colorado. While concluding, Mr. Anil Ravaswami a sserted that it is not feasible for CHCM to sponsor its junior financial executives to the annual leadership training. ...future of CHCM at heart but only wants to disgrace him and advocate for adoption of theories of Aspen Institute, which he thinks are not appropriate for the culture of CHCM. What Are The Reasons? From the presentation of the subject and conclusions, the reason why the vice president of Human resources of CHCM, Mr. Anil Ravaswami declined to adopt the proposal of Ms. Forsythe on leadership training is their competition for corporate post. Mr. Anil Ravaswami argues that their twelve senior executive have never attended any leadership programs, but they have been delivering their duties as expected (Browne & Keeley, 2007). He believes that leadership is not learned but an innate trait by quoting people like Winston Churchill, Mother Theresa and Martin Luther King, Jr. Therefore, Mr. Anil Ravaswami reiterates that leadership development trainings are of less signific ance in Cliffside Holding Company of Massapequa. Which Words Or Phrases Are Ambiguous? Mr. Anil Ravaswami, in the Memo alluded to the sayings of some experts to rationalize his allegation that leadership is an inborn trait that cannot be copied or learned through trainings. He quotes one economist Dr. Irwin Corey, who said â€Å"born into this world accompanied by a rich, psychical disposition, which furnishes him ready-made all his motivations of conduct†¦He can show a demand for nothing that is not prompted by this galaxy of instincts.† The economist quote is related to Mr. Anil Ravaswami’s thought.  

Thursday, September 26, 2019

George Soros Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

George Soros - Term Paper Example He is also the chairman of the Open Society Foundation. This paper discusses how he affected the British pound, his social, economic and political views as well as how he is affecting our nation. George Soros was dubbed as â€Å"the man who broke the Bank of England†. Around 1997, the treasury in the United Kingdom estimated the cost of Black Wednesday at around ?3.4 billion. Temple (p. 67) asserts that worldwide macrohedge funds seems to have a large amount of investor capital to execute their macroeconomic strategies. However, they may put in influence to increase the size of their macro bets resulting to greatest alert as well as publicity in the financial markets. The best recognized of the hedge funds as Temple (p. 67) says was the Quantum Hedge Fund managed by George Soros that made significant profits in 1992 by gambling that the British pound would diminish. At the same time, this fund was accused of contributing to the â€Å"Asian Contagion† in the reduction of 1997 when Thailand lessened its currency triggering a domino effect in the movement of the currency through the Eastern side of the Asian continent. Recently, global macrohedge coffers have fallen on hard eras because they were hurt by the Russian bond default in August 1998 and the bursting of technology bubble in March 2000 resulting to great losses for the global macrohedge funds (Temple p. 67). Again, as indicated above, the international macrohedge funds had the largest asset command of any hedge fund strategy. The ability to invest widely across moneys, financial markets, commodities, topographical limits as well as time districts is a two-edged blade. However, Temple (p. 67) adds that it allows global macrohedge funds the broadest cosmos in which to tool their plans. On the other hand, he says that it absences emphasis. As a lot of official investors have enthused into the the hedgerow fund place hence they have demanded greater asset focus different from free asset reign. A s a person who supports democracy as well as open societies, George Soros is usually asailed by those trying to redirect his views through distributing deceptive or even information that seems to be imprecise. In terms of religion, we find that Soros gives respect to all faiths as well as religious does. He believes that those who have faith and faith communities contribute to the understanding of the public of pressing issues socially and most of the time add a principled, moral aspect towards debates that are too often dominated by those people who play politics, statistics and polling. On the other hand, being a philanthropist, the greatness as well as topographical scope of charitable activities of Soros are unprecedented. Upto this moment of time via the Open Society Foundations, he has donated more than $7 billion. It funds very many initiatives worldwide to push for education, fairness, the growth of business, public health and self-governing media. George Sors has a lot of p olitical views. He believes that revolutions are actually undermining and are unnecessarily dangerous. His work focuses on supporting organizations as well as government that gives protection on the rights of the citizens and give feedbacks to their wants. He again champions

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule - Essay Example On Indian independence, Gandhi argues that Indian independence was successful due to passive resistance. He also argues that a self-reliance is a vital tool, which can be utilized by the Indians, in that, the British must adhere to the Indians demands if they desire any kind of deal. In addition, Gandhi argues that India must reject the western civilization if it yearns for freedom. Gandhi, in his own words, says, â€Å"It is my duty patiently to try to remove your prejudice† (Gandhi p7, ch1).   Gandhi believed in a world of peace and harmony, free from any colonialism; but one is self-sustained and capable of managing its affairs. According to Hind Swaraj (p5 ch1), as the editor, Gandhi explains to the reader on the desire for home rule by arguing that, home rule is similar to self-rule, claiming that the British should not only leave the country, but they should also not leave behind their British style, only to be adopted by the Indians. He further explains to the reader that the British desired home rule for India, claiming that, the Englishmen were not ill and the Indians had to cooperate with them in order to achieve home rule sooner, hence becoming free. Secondly, Gandhi argues on Indian’s independence, which would only be achieved through passive resistance, insisting that the magnitude of love and pity is higher than that of firearms. He explains that the use of brutality is harmful, but not in the use of pity.

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Examine critically the rights of minority in a company when the notice Essay

Examine critically the rights of minority in a company when the notice to acquire their shares has been served - Essay Example Current paper focuses on the examination of the rights of minority shareholders especially in the case that the notice to acquire their shares has been served. The relevant provisions of the Company Act 2006 have been studied, along with the literature published in the particular issue. It is proved that the law gives to the minority shareholders the right to promote the protection of their interests. However, when the notice to acquire their shares has been served to the minority shareholders, then their potentials for protecting their rights are reduced. Still, there are certain legal tools that can help the minority shareholders to secure their share in a particular organization. The effectiveness of these tools is further depended on a series of factors; the perceptions of minority shareholders on their organization and their skills to manage such projects highly affect the success of the efforts of the minority shareholders to secure their position as valuable members of the org anization. Rights of minority in companies – overview The role and the rights of minority in modern corporations have been highly studied in the literature. The reference to the rights of minority shareholders in general is necessary in order to understand the potentials of the particular group of persons to seek for legal tools for protecting their rights after a notice to acquire their shares has been served. According to the most common view, minority shareholders have a major disadvantage compared to the majority shareholders: ‘they are not protected by shareholder decision rights’ (Kraakman 2009, p.195). On the other hand, minority shareholders can choose among different legal means for protecting their rights; reference can be made, for example, to the ‘sharing norms, rules and standards’ (Kraakman 2009, p.195). In this context, minority shareholders are given the chance to prohibit outside investors to enter the organization. Indeed, minority shareholders are allowed to make an offer for buying the shares of their organization before these shares are offered to the public in general (Kraakman 2009, p.195). The above right of minority shareholders is part of the ‘preemptive rights framework’ (Kraakman 2009,195). At this point, the rights of minority shareholders are considered as secured, a fact that results to the improvement of communication within the organization, meaning especially the communication between the majority shareholders and the minority shareholders, who are, by the law, vulnerable towards the majority shareholders who can control organizational decisions. However, the power of the above rule has been strongly criticized. More specifically, it is noted that the potential of minority shareholders ‘to refer to the preemption rule’ (Kraakman 2009, p.195) can be limited if such decision is developed by the shareholders. On the other hand, the common law rules seem to protect the min ority shareholders more effectively compared to the civil law rules (Mallin 2007). Still, it should be noted that the protection of minority shareholders has not always set as a priority in the UK legal system (Mallin 2007). This fact indicates the potential inability of legislators to realize the level of risks that minority shareholders have to face. Sheikh (2008) emphasizes on the weakness of the existing laws

Monday, September 23, 2019

Canada's capital region report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Canada's capital region report - Essay Example Education†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.19 3.1.3. Economy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.19 3.1.4. Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.19 3.2. The SWOT analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...20 3.4. CONCLUSION 3.4.1. Summary and Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..21 3.4.2. Implementation Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.21 3.5. References†¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦23 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The National Capital Commission (NCC) obligation is to increase Canadians pride in their Capital and to instill enduring and stronger relationship between Canadians and their Capital. The National Capital Commission’s in-house marketing and communication experts, after a comprehensive market research and input from stakeholders in the business, cultural and tourism sectors, has ascertain that despite the fact that there is positive perception towards the Capital, there is still inadequate appreciation for its relevance among sections of the national audience. This is a serious challenge facing the National Capital Commission in its attempt to increase Canadian’s perceptions of and visits to the National Capital Region (NCR). This report focused on the research that was conducted by Ipsos-Reid together w ith other lifestyle and demographic trends to help in identifying two important target markets. The research shows that the perception of the Canadians towards NCR is significantly better after a visit. The report analyzes the habits and preferences and proposes a combination of features of the National Capital Region be packaged for each market section. The report recommends a strategic approach that mainly concentrates on influencing visits by two identified market segments. These two target segments exhibit characteristics that make it possible to access them through combination of social media and outlets together with several well established groups that can become advocates for the cause. This approach will make it possible to reach a large number of positively pre-disposed sightseers and therefore helps in generating vital buzz around the National Canadian Region. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The Capital of Canada is found in the border of two provinces, Quebec and Ontario. The c apital belongs to all Canadians and most importantly, it represents them as: A place of national symbols The seat of government Canada’ face to the world A place of cultural showcase As stated above, the primary role of NCC is marketing and communication plan aimed at ensuring that Canada’s Capital Region (CCR) remains a source of pride for all Canadians. In regards to the Ipsos-Reid research findings, the following valuable statement was developed. â€Å"Canada’s Capital is an inspiring reflection of the people, values and achievements that define this country and will continue to drive it forward. Canadian Pride is Capital Pride† This statement serves as the backbone for guiding conceptual development, creative development and serving as a measure against which creative ideas can be evaluated. Every NCC efforts contribute to the brand value and equity of the capital. This requires the implementations of

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Kant and Descartes Essay Example for Free

Kant and Descartes Essay â€Å"Idealism is the assertion there are none but thinking thing beings. All other things, which we believe are perceived in intuitions, are nothing but presentations in the thinking things, to which no object external to them in fact corresponds. Everything we see is just a construction of the mind. † (Prolegomena). Idealism maintains that there are no objects in the world, only minds. According to idealism, the existence of outer objects is uncertain and ambiguous. Idealism is the group of philosophies asserting that actuality is fundamentally mental, or otherwise intangible. Kant holds the belief that objects only exist as perceptions is fundamentally idealist. The argument begins by making the point: our senses never enable us to experience things in themselves, but only know their appearances. This idea depicts space and time as empty forums to determine how things appear. Kant discusses how math consists of synthetic a priori cognitions, or the ability to provide new information that is necessarily true, and its relation to geometry. Kant believes there is some form of pure intuition innate within us. This innate intuition is what allows us to identify different notions without reference to sense experience. In the opinion of Kant, the possibility of mathematics rests upon the possibility of â€Å"synthetic propositions a priori†. (Prolegomena). There is a priori certainty of geometry. A priori knowledge or justification is independent of all experience. A priori judgments are based upon reason alone, independently of all sensory experience, and therefore are applicable with universality. According to Kant, â€Å"Geometry is based upon the pure intuition of space. † (Prolegomena). We cannot have any perceptions of objects if not in space and time. Kant declares, â€Å"it must first exhibit its concepts in intuition, and do so a priori, in an intuition that is not empirical, but pure. † (Prolegomena). Geometry, as the innate intuition of space, derives from the sequential moments of our innate intuition of time. If space were not built into of our innate composition, two things with all of the same properties would be in every way identical. Space and time are not properties of the objects in things themselves, but rather, qualities of our knowledge of the things. Space and time are referred by Kant as the â€Å"modes of representation†, or â€Å"forms of sensibility†, of objects. (Prolegomena). Kant believes inner experience is all that we can be certain of and that the e? ects can only conclude the existence of the external world has on us. If space and time are subjective, then everything in space and time are subjective. If space and time were things in themselves that we could only understand by reference to experience, geometry and math would not have the a priori certainty that makes them reliable. If space and time do not belong to the things themselves, and we cannot know anything in space and time, then we don’t know the things in themselves. As a result of this, Kant says that appearances are â€Å"That is pure space is not at all a quality of things in themselves but a form of our sensuous faculty of representation, and that furthermore all objects in space are mere appearances†. (Prolegomena). This declaration regarding things being tangible reveals Kant’s view of transcendental idealism, faces the issue of things existing at all, directly. Immanuel Kants most influential contribution to philosophy is transcendental idealism. Transcendental idealism is fundamentally a doctrine about space and time. The idea is we cannot perceive things in and of themselves directly; what we perceive must first be interpreted by our senses, then by our sensibility and understanding. Though Kant has argued that we cannot perceive things in themselves, but only appearances of things, Kant believes intuition, and the senses control our perception. And anything, which we may perceive, is made up entirely of appearances. Kant argues, subsequently, things themselves in some way cause these appearances. Kant maintains that things in themselves, independent of our perception, exist, and that they are the source of what we do perceive. All other things, which we think are perceived in intuition, being nothing but representations in the thinking beings, to which no object external to them corresponds in fact. Representations of our sensibility can be said to be reflections of our mind. Kant makes this claim stating, â€Å"The understanding intuits nothing but only reflects. † (Prolegomena). This proposes the question regarding idealism, because something cannot be fully understood, does it still exist? Unlike Idealism, which generally manifests skepticism, the existence of things is crucial to Kant’s philosophy. However, Kant insists we cannot know anything about these things purely through their appearance. Kant asserts: â€Å"which is unknown to us but is not therefore less real. † (Prolegomena). Kant is claiming this ideal is contrary to idealism. Descartes decided that he could throw all things into doubt except that he was thinking and doubting. This supports the concept of idealism because it emphasizes the centrality or importance of the mind. Descartes, like Plato and Augustine divided his world into two areas. For Descartes the two areas were the cogito and the Deity. Rationalists, like Descartes, aim to escape the confines of the mind by constructing knowledge of the external world, the self, the soul, God, ethics, and science out of the simplest, indubitable ideas possessed innately by the mind. Descartes argued that knowledge came from the mind, or idealism. It was Descartes’s idealism that would force him to his separation of the mind and body. Descartes believes in the ability to deny the existence of the physical world. Kant’s major disagreement with Descartes would be in postulating an existential reality outside of the mind. An object does not depend on a mind perceiving it for it to exist though the mind does depend on the transcendental categories to perceive of those objects in a meaningful way. â€Å".. Desire this idealism of mine to be called critical. But if it be really an objectionable idealism to convert actual things into mere representations†. (Prolegomena) Kant expresses his impulse to change transcendental idealism to critical idealism at the end of this section.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Behaviour Issues and Classroom Management Essay Example for Free

Behaviour Issues and Classroom Management Essay Part 1 . Identify and explore Behaviour issues and classroom management. 3. Importance of classroom management Students need to feel a sense of community. Relationships and Experiences. Classroom management and behaviour issues are directly relate to how students feel. 4. Issues relating to behaviour and manaegment A teachers beliefs and values influence classroom environment . The teacher models and demonstrate to students how to act. Unprepared responses add to conflict or negative feelings for students. 5. Issues relating to behaviour and manaegment At risk students see little to strive for. Negative perspective will have a direct influence on the type of behaviour the students demonstrates. Classroom management needs to chang the environment, not try to change an individual’s behaviour (Henley, 2006). 6. Issues relating to behaviour and manaegment Typical Adolescent behaviour : E egocentric E exploring different identities. R ebellion. S ensitive and argumentative 7. Part 2. Discussion on the different approaches to behaviour issues and classroom management. 8. Different Approaches to the Issue: Autocratic, teacher centred, passive learning and controlled classroom management Vs Democratic, student led, interactive learning, activity centred, and co-constructed management 9. Autocratic Managment The teacher dictates and students comply. It values and looks for obedience and curricula control. When compliance is the goal of classroom management, students do not have the opportunity to learn. 10. Autocratic Managment Punishment used to change behaviour. Enforces consequences that will decrease the likelyhood of poor behaviour in the future. Autocratic teaching believes that a well-managed class is a quiet class. 11. Democratic Managment Values the need to increase student motivation. Students are allowed more input into classroom activities. This increases participation and reduces the anount of behaviour issues. 12. Democratic Managment Students are allowed to voice their persective and it is respected by staff. Students can experience participating fully in democratic process by allowing students to establish their own rules for behaviour and sanctions. 13. Democratic Managment Involves a variety of components to maintain students attention. Movement is the only experience that unites all levels of activity in the brain. The more opportunities students have to move and change positions, the better they will behave (Henley, 2006). 14. Democratic Managment Students should be allowed to move and talk together during activities. Activity centred lessons include variety in; curriculum and content, co-operative learning, peer tutoring, learning centres, role-play, brainstorming, and discussion 15. Democratic Managment An autocratic style is when the teacher dictates what will happen and how it will happen. A democratic style attempts to involve students in decision-making and appeals to the stude nts’ intrinsic motivation. 16. Part 3. Solutions to behaviour issues and classroom management strategies: 17. Solutions Strategies and actions n eed to be planned and implemented early. T eacher s must establish rules and expectations early to ensure students know the boundaries. 18. Solutions Teachers should aim to know information on their students. This includes: P ossible behaviour problems S pecific learning and physical need S student names and how to pronounce them. 19. D iscipline strategies M anagement is gained through consistent discipline. Three common discipline strategies are; Preventative Discipline . This includes; Clear expectations A n a ttractive and welcoming environment W ell-planned room organisation Adequate resources Organising curriculum to cater for mixed abilities 20. Discipline strategies 2. Corrective Discipline . This includes; T eachers behaviours and reactions Casual and direct questioning Simple warnings or directions Defusing or re-directing potential conflict Reminding of rules G iving simple choices Taking students aside from the grou p Using appropriate time out. 21. Discipline strategies 3. Supportive Discipline includes; Following up o n disruptions Encouraging students Re-establishing working relationships Developing and maintaining respect Building a positive classroom Applying a team approach 22. Preventitive Managment M aximis ing Academic Learning Time (ALT) ALT increases engagement ALT is achieved by specifically allocating time for variations in teaching 23. Preventitive Managment Give clear, brief and effective instructions A lot of low-level off-task behaviour is from students not understanding Work must be achievable yet challenging for students. Students will engage and achieve when they experience success 24. Preventitive Managment Henley (2006), suggests that solutions for behaviour issues develop over time. Solutions include: Smooth transitions Clear instructions Accountability Procedures Being ‘With It’ Establishing Routines Keeping Students Alert 25. Preventitive Managment Democratic solutions involve disciplining with dignity . Respect is paramount. Teachers must hold the moral high ground. Teachers must allow students the opportunity to reflect on their poor behaviour. REFERENCES Cowley, S. (2003). Managing the first meeting . Getting the buggers to behave 2 (pp.15-16). London: Continuum. Cowley, S. (2003). Behaviour management in the secondary school . Getting the buggers to behave 2 (pp.166-175). London: Continuum. Henley, M. (2006). Classroom management: A proactive approach (pp. 30-50). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. Rodgers, B. (1990). You Know the Fair Rule . London: Longman Sen, C. (2003). Classroom Management in a Secondary School. Retrieved February 19 th , 2013 from http://ezinearticles.com/?Classroom-Management-in-a-Secondary- Wilkins, R. (1987). Classroom Management . Set No.1. Western Australian Institute of Technology.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Physicochemical Study of Palm Ester for Cosmetic Application

Physicochemical Study of Palm Ester for Cosmetic Application 2.0 Introduction Palm oil is extracted from the fruit of oil palm, Elaeis guineensis. Besides, Malaysia is one of the leading exporters and producers of palm oil in the world (Keng et al., 2005 Palm oil has been widely applied in various industrial sectors due to the uniqueness of its composition (Keng et al., 2009). It consists of triglycerides; the combination of glycerol and different fatty acids. Furthermore, other palm oil fractions can be extracted as palm oil is rich in Palmitic acid and Oleic acid (OBrien, 2004). Specifically, in this study, Palm Olein will be used to produce palm ester instead of the other fractions. Wax esters are one of the most important ingredients in cosmetic formulations (Hallberg et al., 1999). The emollient behavior of wax esters makes it applicable for numerous personal care products (Peter Robert, 2001). Besides, synthetic ways to produced ester has been introduced since naturally occurring wax esters are limited and expensive (Keng et al., 2009). Thus, in this study lipase-catalyzed reaction of Palm Olein and Oleyl alcohol by using immobilized lipase will be carried out in order to synthesize wax esters (palm ester). Physicochemical study as well as thermal stability will also be conducted since the characterization of esters is important in order to examine their effectiveness in industrial applications. 3.0 Literature Review 3.1 Waxes In general, the mixture of long-chain of lipid forming a protective coating on plant leaves and animals is waxes (Keng et al., 2005). Besides, it has been used commercially in many areas. Lubricants, polishes, coating materials are some of its applications (Hamilton, 1995; Hallberg et al., 1999). Carnuba wax, beeswax, wool wax and spermaceti wax are some examples of waxes that exist naturally. Animals, plants and minerals are the source of natural waxes (Gunawan et al., 2005). Thus, waxes can be classified into two types which are natural waxes and synthetic waxes. 3.1.1 Natural Waxes Sperm whale oil is one of the natural waxes and it can be found in the open ocean. Years ago, the whale species of P. macrocephalaus was a prime source of wax. This is because of the liquid wax called spermaceti that contained in the head of the whale (Rice, 2009). The liquid wax is present abundantly in the spermaceti organ of the whales. Moreover, manufacturers found that spermaceti is very useful (Whale facts, 10 November 2014). It is a great substance that can be used in many sectors. However, due to the extinction of this species, the government has banned all the whale hunting. Thus, jojoba oil has become the main natural sources of wax since the cessation of whale hunting (Keng et al., 2009). Other than that, Jojoba is a shrub which can be found in Arizona, Mexico and some other areas (Allawzi et al., 1997). The seed of the Simmondsia chinesia (jojoba) plant contain a unique oil which known as jojoba oil. Besides, jojoba oil makes up approximately 50% of the seed’s weight. It is composed of the straight chain monoesters of the monounsaturated C20and C22 alcohols and acids (Wisniak, 1994). Furthermore, the uniqueness of jojoba oil is due to its chemical composition. It contains a little or no glycerin. As the glycerin is almost completely absence, it indicates that jojoba differs from the other seed oil. It is proved that it is a liquid wax not fat. 3.2.2 Synthetic Waxes Day by day, the demands of waxes keep growing. Unfortunately, it is too expensive for large-scale use of natural waxes like jojoba oil. Moreover, it requires up to 5 years for commercial jojoba plantations to start produce seeds (Keng et al., 2009). Thus, ways to synthesize wax with cheaper materials and in shorter time become very crutial (Radzi et al., 2005). In order to synthesize synthetic wax, chemical and enzymatic methods can be used (Keng et al., 2005). However, chemical-catalyzed method may leads to high energy consumption and degradation of esters whereas the enzymatic synthesis offers mild reactions and environmental-friendly process (Yadav Lathi, 2003). Normally, synthetic waxes are used in cosmetics formulations as replacement of natural waxes. Synthetic waxes from natural raw materials have not much different from the natural ones. Synthetic beeswax, synthetic spermaceti, polyethylene waxes and polawax are the examples of synthetic waxes (SpecialChem, 8 November 2014) 3.2.3 Wax Ester The long chain of esters that derived from fatty acids and alcohols are referred as wax esters (Chen Wang, 1997). The chemical structure of wax ester is shown in Figure 1 below. Typically, it is composed of n-alkanoic acids and n-alkan-1-ols with carbon atoms ranging from C12-C32 (Misra Ghosh, 1991). Wax esters are very important in various industries, especially in cosmetic formulations. This is due to its characteristics which are non-irritating and non-greasy feeling when in contact with skin (Peter Robert, 2001). Figure 1: The Chemical Structure of Wax Ester (AOCS lipid library, 10 November) Wax ester can be extracted from animals and plants. Besides, it is a major component of beeswax and jojoba plants. Hence, it’s can’t be deny that the extraction of wax ester from natural sources are expensive for commercial use and it is limited (Keng et al., 2005) 3.2 Palm Oil In early 1870, the oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis) has been introduced in Malaysia as an ornamental plant by British (Malaysian palm oil council, 11 November 2014). The oil palm tree originates from West Africa (Hartley, 1988). Typically, it has been used as cooking oil. As this plant can be commercialized, it has also been introduced to many other countries. From wild plant, it was developed into an agricultural crop. Moreover, the expansion of its plantation was due to the high demands from the consumers. Figure 2 below shows the oil palm tree as an agricultural crop. Figure 2: The Oil Palm Tree (Wikipedia Palm Oil, 12 November 2014) The first commercial of oil palm in Malaysia was founded on 1917 (Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 11 November 2014). From that onwards, the huge palm oil industry in Malaysia had started. Recently, palm oil, the extraction from the fruit of oil palm is the leading agricultural crop of Malaysia (MPOB, 2004). Besides, Malaysia has been announced as one of the largest producers and exporters of palm oil in the world (Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 11 November 2014). The uniqueness of palm oil composition makes it easy to be commercialized. In addition, it has been applied in many industrial sectors such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic formulations and food manufacturing (Keng et al, 2005). In Malaysia, the oil palm trees planted are the crossbred of dura and pisifera, known as tenera variety (Latiff, 2000). The mature trees will grow up to 20m tall. The size of the palm fruits is approximately the same with the size of the small plum and it’s grow in bunches. The weight of each bunch is between 10-50 kilograms and containing around 2000 individual fruits. Usually, the oil palm tree will start to produce fruits after 30 months. Its productivity will keep growing for the next 3 decades (Palm oil world, 11 November 2014). Normally, the fruits are dark purple and almost black (Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 11 November 2014). The colour will turns to reddish orange when ripe. The fruits consist of an outer pulp and kernels (Gunstone, 2001). The fruit of palm tree is the source of two different oils. Palm oil and palm kernel oil are the types of oil that can be obtained from the fruit of oil palm tree (Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 11 November 2014). The outer pulp contains palm oil while palm kernel oil is obtained from the kernel of the fruit. Even though these two types of oil are derived from the same plant, they are completely different by comparing their characteristics and properties (Keng et al, 2009). Figure 3 below shows the fruit bunches of oil palm tree and its cross section. Figure 3: The Fruit Bunches of Oil Palm Tree and Its Cross Section. (Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 12 November 2014) Furthermore, palm oil consists of triglycerides. Triglycerides are a combination of glycerol and different fatty acids. Palm oil is rich in palmitic acid and oleic acid, while palm kernel oil is rich lauric acid (O’Brien, 2004). Besides, these fats can be fractionated into solid and liquid fractions to produce stearins and oleins, respectively (Keng et al, 2009). Even though Lipase-catalyzed reaction of palm oil and palm kernel oil by using lipase are quite simple, the characterization of long chain esters is significant in order to examine their ability and efficiency in industrial sector. Palm Olein, the liquid fraction of palm oil will be used in the synthesis of palm ester instead of the other fractions (Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 12 November 2014). Thus, the synthesis, physicochemical properties and thermal stability of palm ester will be carried out specifically focusing on alm Olein. 3.3 Enzymes Human body is characterized by complex system of related chemical reaction. Besides, the reaction must be fully controlled in order to maintain life. Thus, enzymes are necessary for many reactions to confirm that it occur at suitable rates (Brown et al., 2012). Enzyme is a substance that speeds up reactions without any permanent changes and also known as catalyst. The building blocks of enzymes are amino acids and they are proteins. Enzyme catalyzes reaction takes place at specific location known as active site. Usually, enzymes are specific according to the reaction they catalyzed and the substrate that involves in the reaction. However, unwelcoming inhibitors are naturally occurring and disturb the enzyme reaction. Since enzymes are flexible, the active site is continuously reshaped. Besides, the combination of enzyme and substrate is called the enzyme-substrate complex. As the enzymes react with many substrates, the rigid lock and key model is not valid. In 1958, the modification of lock and key model has been proposed. Figure 4 below shows the modification of lock and key model (Koshland, 1958). Figure 4: The Lock and Key Model (Wikipedia, 11 November 2014) 3.3.1 Lipases Lipases are water-soluble enzyme and it’s able to catalyze both hydrolytic and synthetic reaction. Lipases are widely used in many sectors. They play an important role in the production of leather, detergent industries and in production of surfactants (Knezevic et al., 2004). Naturally, lipases are used in hydrolysis of acylglycerides. However, they are useful in many other reactions. In fact, lipases are qualified of catalyzing the reverse reaction synthesis Due to its ability to combine with broad range of substrate specificity (Gandhi, 1997). Besides, some lipases are more suited for synthesis than hydrolysis reactions. 3.3.2 Immobilized Lipases Lipases used in detergents and many other applications are not immobilized. However, due to an increasing specialty application of lipases demand an immobilized biocatalyst for efficient use (Sharma et al., 2001). Besides, immobilized lipase can reduce the cost and poor stability of free lipase. Adsorption, covalent binding and entrapping are some of the immobilization techniques (Knezeic et al., 2004). Since the immobilization method is typically accompanied by changes in enzymatic activity, pH, temperature and stability, each of the methods has its advantages and disadvantages. Besides, the used of immobilized lipases are very useful in the pharmaceutical, oleochemical and food industry (Knezevic et al., 2004). 3.4 Lipase-Catalyzed Reaction Lipase-catalyzed reaction can be classified into two main categories which are hydrolysis and synthesis. Synthesis category can be further separated into esterification, interesterification, alcoholysis and acidolysis. Table 1 below shows the classification of lipase-catalyzed reaction. Table 1: The Classification of Lipase-Catalyzed Reaction (Gandhi, 1997) In this experiment, alcoholysis of lipase-catalyzed reaction will be conducted. It is also called enzymatic transesterification as the last three reactions (interesterifiction, alcohoysis and acidolysis) are grouped together into single term which is transesterification (Gandhi, 1997). 3.5 Oleyl Alcohol Oleyl alcohol is long chain fatty acids. Fatty acids can be derived from natural fats and oils. Besides, it can be found I beef fat as well as fish oils. Cis-9-Octadecen-1-ol and Oleo alcohol are the synonyms name of oleyl alcohol. The chemical formula of oleyl alcohol is CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH2OH. Moreover, oleyl alcohol is a clear oily liquid and insoluble in water (chemicalland21, 10 November 2014). Furthermore, fatty alcohols are emulsifiers and emollients to make skin smoother and prevent moisture loss (chemicalland21, 10 November 2014). Hence, it has been used widely as raw materials in industrial sectors such as cosmetics, pharmaceutical, metal processing and lube additive. In this study, Oleyl alcohol will be used as internal standard of gas chromatography analyses. The chemical structure of oleyl alcohol is shown in Figure 5; Figure 5: The Chemical Structure Of Oleyl Alcohol (chemicalland21, 10 November 2014) 3.6 The Application of Physicochemical Study in Cosmetic Formulations Nowadays, industrial cosmetic has immerged along with the advancement of global technology. The development of new cosmetic formulations is due to the discovery of active component in herbs and other natural sources. Thus, study has been done in order to investigate the chemical composition and characteristics of the active components. 3.6.1 Physicochemical Study According to Brasil (2004), physicochemical study is the determinant step in the development of cosmetic formulations. Physicochemical study is the study of the relations between composition and physical properties of the elements. Besides, this study is significant in order to know the intrinsic properties of elements and their ability to react with specific reagent (High Technology Detection Systems, 12 November 2014). Slip melting point, refractive index, saponification value, iodine value and acid value are the physicochemical measurement that will be analyzed in this study. Slip melting point is one of the physical properties which is useful in identification purposes and assessment of purity. It’s proportional to the increase in chain length and degree of saturation. In addition, slip melting points fats usually contain 5% solid fat; thus slip melting point generally happens at lower temperature than the melting point of the fat itself (Akoh et al., 2004). The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed in the medium is known as the refractive index. Besides, refractive index is easily determined characteristics of fats, oils and their derivatives. It is important to obtain an accurate refractive index for the purposes of identification and for the progress of reaction like catalytic and isomerization. Generally, for the liquid oils, the density increases with increase in unsaturation and decreases with the increase in molecular weight at constant temperature. On the other hand, the refractive index will increases with the length of hydrocarbon chain and when the number of double bonds in molecules increase (Formo, 1999). Saponification is hydrolysis of ester under alkaline solution. Saponification value is the measure of chain length of all fatty acids present. The saponification value of an oil or fat is defined as the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the fatty acids resulting from the complete hydrolysis of 1 g of the sample. Besides, low saponification value is found from the long chain fatty acids due to the fewer number of carboxylic functional groups (Virtual Amrita Laboratories Universalizing Education, 13 November 2014). For the Iodine value, it measures the content of unsaturation or double bonds of fats and oils. Besides, it is one of the parameters used to measure the quality of olein (Buana et al., 1998). The iodine value also denotes the percentage by weight halogen, calculated as iodine and absorbed under the condition of the test. It is expressed as the number of iodine (grams) absorbed by the fat (100 grams) under test condition. According to O’Brien (1988), iodine value is a valuable constant that can be easily determined for fats and oils. One of the common parameter used in specification of fats and oils is acid value. It is defined as the number of milligrams potassium hydroxide needed to neutralize the free acid in one gram of sample. Besides, it is a measure of free fatty acids present in the fat or oil (chemprime, 13 November 2014). 3.6.2 Applications in Cosmetic Since ancient times, natural extracts from animals, plants and minerals have been used as special ingredients in cosmetics (Elsner Maibach, 2000). Wax esters are formulated in numerous personal care products due to its emollient behavior. Due to that, proper study on its characteristics is as important as the synthesis reaction (Keng et al., 2009). Besides, one of the most essential phases in development of new cosmetic formulations is the adequate physicochemical characterization to guarantee the identification of new patentable compound (Crystal Engineering, 12 November 2014). Physicochemical study is not a visible nor directly applied in cosmetic. However, the determination of each properties of physicochemical study is important in order to verify the compatibility of the extraction of palm oil for cosmetic application. Besides, it is important to verify whether the cosmetics are safe to be used. Hence, in this study the physicochemical properties of palm oil fraction focusing on palm olein will be carried out. 4.0 Problem Statement Currently, most of the chemical product derived from synthetic origin. However, product produced from chemical synthesis is not pure and involved hazardous chemicals. Thus, enzymatic reaction is preferable due to green synthesis process, environmental friendly and the product is pure. Physicochemical study is important in cosmetic formulations. However, rarely study on physicochemical had been reported in journal and any research paper. Due to that, in this research, a physicochemical study will be carried out such as slip melting point, refractive index, saponification value, iodine value, and acid stability. Besides, thermal stability will also be carried out in this research. Nowadays, a lot of synthesized products had been produce. However, the verification of those products was rarely reported. Hence, in this study, the synthesized product will be verified using spectroscopy methods such as thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography (GC). 5.0 Objectives In this study, the synthesis of palm ester will be carried out. Enzymatic synthesis will be applied in order to produce palm ester. Besides, the physicochemical study will be conducted in order to apply palm ester in cosmetics. Therefore, this particular work will be carried out with the following objectives: To synthesize palm ester through enzymatic transesterification. To investigate the physicochemical properties and thermal stability of palm ester. To verify the synthesized palm ester using spectroscopy methods.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Away with the Canon -- Onward with Street-Smarts :: Education Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Away with the Canon, Onward with Street-Smarts When you think of education, the thing that probably comes to mind first, is the institution of formal education, i.e., primary, secondary and then higher education. We have this closed perception that education has to be formal, and nothing else. Often times we, as human beings, tend to weigh things too heavily on formal education. We frown upon the fact that if a person doesnt choose to go and become educated in the traditional way, they wont be able to make something of themselves in their lives. Personally, I strongly disagree. As Jon Spayed, Learning in the Key of Life, put it, there are many ways to become an educated American, as there are Americans (Spayde 63). The method in which an individual chooses to become educated, is as unique as the human individual is in itself. Education should not just be based on the traditional Books of the canon including: Dante, Shakespeare, Aristotle, Sophocles, Locke, Dickens and Faulkner, but it should strive towards making an equally balanced student, which it doesnt seem to be doing. Spayde argues in the favor of an in-the-streets education. Granted, an in-the-streets education cant take the place of a formal education, I feel strongly, that having and knowing street smarts can get you far in the 21st. Century. From a formal education, one is taught from the traditional canon. This canon consists the Great Books that have been chosen to help educate our young people to help them become great things in life. Basically, one is taught in a way that tries to mold them into becoming this great thinker of the times, when in actuality, one is being taught things that are way out of date. They are being taught to use their brains in a very narrow way-not opening them up to other thoughts and ideas. According to Mike Rose, Lives on the Boundary: ...canonized curriculum students would most not likely receive a common core of American Experience (Rose 115). Basically, the canon doesnt teach you the life skills that you need in this day and age, a.k.a., street-smarts as Spayde calls them. To not receive the common core of American experience is depriving yourself of so much, all of the experiences that you cant learn and get from a formal education. Another component to formal education that really isnt extremely vital, are the humanities.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Criticism of the Western Genre in Jim Jarmusch’s Film Deadman :: Movie Film Essays

Criticism of the Western Genre in Jim Jarmusch’s Film Deadman Jim Jarmusch’s Deadman is a complex interweaving of the rough and tough world of cowboys mixed with blatant criticism of the Western genre as well as the American lifestyle during those times in history. The separate scenes in the movie seem be collected and stringed together allowing the director to bounce between making fun of the whole Western idea to completely embracing the genre. The movie focused on William Blake (an accountant from Cleveland) and his transformation from being an ordinary man to an outlaw. Most Western movies focus on cowboy outlaws, who live by their own rules and follow their own beliefs on justice, while this film focuses on the transformation rather than the man. Jonny Depp’s character stepped into the role of being an outlaw accidentally. The use of violence is prevalent in the film, which fits the Western genre, yet at the same time, the use of guns and violence is always awkward. It’s as though it’s a foreign concept instead of a display of machismo and pride as in most Westerns. The film also has minimal displays of women and their contribution of adding a dynamic of lust and love in the testosterone driven Western genre. This film does not focus on William Blake having any attachments to family or a fiancà ©. A brief explanation is offered for the lack of femininity in the film, yet it leaves the audience wondering why the director did not deem it necessary to include this attachment in the film. Instead the few times that women are shown in the film, they are there to pleasure the males sexually. In the Western genre, women aren’t regarded as vital elements, yet at the same time their contribution is usually to play damsels in distress and show the humane side of the manly hero. In the Western genre women blatantly display the differences between Eastern and Western cultures. The social commentary in the film is overwhelming, sometimes seeming to drive the slow-paced plot. The director gives the film a dark undertone, to show the violent lifestyle of the people in the West.